A meta-analysis published in the journal Nature Metabolism concludes that a high body mass index (BMI) is linked to 19 types of cancer, exceeding the previously recognized number of 13. The analysis covered more than 1.5 million cases, suggesting that obesity influences cancer risk in several ways.

The systematic review included 226 peer-reviewed articles covering data from 23 countries. Standardized meta-analysis studies were applied to measure the relationship between BMI and cancer risk, using an increase of 5 kg/m² as a reference.

The results revealed a risk of 19 cancer types related to BMI, highlighting significant risk rates for types such as endometrial cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Additionally, regional and gender differences in these risks were identified.

Global implications and recommendations

The study highlights the urgent need for more research on BMI-related cancer risks in underrepresented regions, such as Africa and Central America. This is essential for an equitable understanding of modifiable risk factors.

The findings underscore the importance of incorporating regional data into weight management and oncology policies.

It is suggested that future research focus on diverse and underserved populations to address gaps in our current understanding.

High body mass index

A high body mass index (BMI) means that a person is heavier than what is considered healthy for their height, which generally indicates excess body fat and increases the risk of developing chronic diseases.

BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (kg/m²). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a BMI between 25 and 29.9 corresponds to overweight, while a value of 30 or more indicates obesity.

A high BMI in the overweight or obese range considerably increases the likelihood of facing conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea and some types of cancer. Excess fat is directly linked to an increased risk of heart disease and certain forms of cancer.

It is important to note that BMI is a screening tool, not a definitive health diagnosis. In some individuals, such as athletes with high muscle mass, a high BMI may not indicate overweight or poor health, since their extra weight comes from muscle, not fat.

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